Complete table of contents

We're heading towards the last stages of production, so this will be the final (or near final) version of the table of contents.

Preface [~10 pages]

1 History and Standards [~20 pages]
1.1 A Brief History of UNIX and C
1.2 A Brief History of Linux
        1.2.1 The GNU Project
        1.2.2 The Linux Kernel
1.3 Standardization
        1.3.1 The C Programming Language
        1.3.2 The First POSIX Standards
        1.3.3 X/Open Company and The Open Group
        1.3.4 SUSv3 and POSIX.1-2001
        1.3.5 SUSv4 and POSIX.1-2008
        1.3.6 UNIX Standards Timeline
        1.3.7 Implementation Standards
        1.3.8 Linux, Standards, and the Linux Standard Base
1.4 Summary

2 Fundamental Concepts [~20 pages]
2.1 The Core Operating System: The Kernel
2.2 The Shell
2.3 Users and Groups
2.4 Single Directory Hierarchy, Directories, Links, and Files
2.5 File I/O Model
2.6 Programs
2.7 Processes
2.8 Memory Mappings
2.9 Static and Shared Libraries
2.10 Interprocess Communication and Synchronization
2.11 Signals
2.12 Threads
2.13 Process Groups and Shell Job Control
2.14 Sessions, Controlling Terminals, and Controlling Processes
2.15 Pseudoterminals
2.16 Date and Time
2.17 Client-server Architecture
2.18 Realtime
2.19 The /proc File System
2.20 Summary

3 System Programming Concepts [~25 pages]
3.1 System Calls
3.2 Library Functions
3.3 The Standard C Library; The GNU C Library (glibc)
3.4 Handling Errors from System Calls and Library Functions
3.5 Notes on the Example Programs in This Book
        3.5.1 Command-line Options and Arguments
        3.5.2 Common Functions and Header Files
3.6 Portability Issues
        3.6.1 Feature Test Macros
        3.6.2 System Data Types
        3.6.3 Miscellaneous Portability Issues
3.7 Summary
3.8 Exercises

4 File I/O: The Universal I/O Model [~20 pages]
4.1 Overview
4.2 Universality of I/O
4.3 Opening a File: open()
        4.3.1 The open() flags Argument
        4.3.2 Errors from open()
        4.3.3 The creat() System Call
4.4 Reading from a File: read()
4.5 Writing to a File: write()
4.6 Closing a File: close()
4.7 Changing the File Offset: lseek()
4.8 Operations Outside the Universal I/O Model: ioctl()
4.9 Summary
4.10 Exercises

5 File I/O: Further Details [~25 pages]
5.1 Atomicity and Race Conditions
5.2 File Control Operations: fcntl()
5.3 Open File Status Flags
5.4 Relationship Between File Descriptors and Open Files
5.5 Duplicating File Descriptors
5.6 File I/O at a Specified Offset: pread() and pwrite()
5.7 Scatter-gather I/O: readv() and writev()
5.8 Truncating a File: truncate() and ftruncate()
5.9 Nonblocking I/O
5.10 I/O on Large Files
5.11 The /dev/fd Directory
5.12 Creating Temporary Files
5.13 Summary
5.14 Exercises

6 Processes [~25 pages]
6.1 Processes and Programs
6.2 Process ID and Parent Process ID
6.3 Memory Layout of a Process
6.4 Virtual Memory Management
6.5 The Stack and Stack Frames
6.6 Command-line Arguments (argc, argv)
6.7 Environment List
6.8 Performing a Nonlocal Goto: setjmp() and longjmp()
6.9 Summary
6.10 Exercises

7 Memory Allocation [~15 pages]
7.1 Allocating Memory on the Heap
        7.1.1 Adjusting the Program Break: brk() and sbrk()
        7.1.2 Allocating Memory on the Heap: malloc() and free()
        7.1.3 Implementation of malloc() and free()
        7.1.4 Other Methods of Allocating Memory on the Heap
7.2 Allocating Memory on the Stack: alloca()
7.3 Summary
7.4 Exercises

8 Users and Groups [~15 pages]
8.1 The Password File: /etc/passwd
8.2 The Shadow Password File: /etc/shadow
8.3 The Group File: /etc/group
8.4 Retrieving User and Group Information
8.5 Password Encryption and User Authentication
8.6 Summary
8.7 Exercises

9 Process Credentials [~20 pages]
9.1 Real User ID and Real Group ID
9.2 Effective User ID and Effective Group ID
9.3 Set-user-ID and Set-group-ID Programs
9.4 Saved Set-user-ID and Saved Set-group-ID
9.5 File-system User ID and File-system Group ID
9.6 Supplementary Group IDs
9.7 Retrieving and Modifying Process Credentials
        9.7.1 Retrieving and Modifying Real, Effective, and Saved Set IDs
        9.7.2 Retrieving and Modifying File-system IDs
        9.7.3 Retrieving and Modifying Supplementary Group IDs
        9.7.4 Summary of Calls for Modifying Process Credentials
        9.7.5 Example: Displaying Process Credentials
9.8 Summary
9.9 Exercises

10 Time [~25 pages]
10.1 Calendar Time
10.2 Time-Conversion Functions
        10.2.1 Converting time_t to Printable Form
        10.2.2 Converting Between time_t and Broken-down Time
        10.2.3 Converting Between Broken-down Time and Printable Form
10.3 Timezones
10.4 Locales
10.5 Updating the System Clock
10.6 The Software Clock (Jiffies)
10.7 Process Time
10.8 Summary
10.9 Exercises

11 System Limits and Options [~10 pages]
11.1 System Limits
11.2 Retrieving System Limits (and Options) at Run Time
11.3 Retrieving File-related Limits (and Options) at Run Time
11.4 Indeterminate Limits
11.5 System Options
11.6 Summary
11.7 Exercises

12 System and Process Information [~10 pages]
12.1 The /proc File System
        12.1.1 Obtaining Information about a Process: /proc/PID
        12.1.2 System Information under /proc
        12.1.3 Accessing /proc Files
12.2 System Identification: uname()
12.3 Summary
12.4 Exercises

13 File I/O Buffering [~20 pages]
13.1 Kernel Buffering of File I/O: The Buffer Cache
13.2 Buffering in the stdio Library
13.3 Controlling Kernel Buffering of File I/O
13.4 Summary of I/O Buffering
13.5 Giving the Kernel Hints about I/O Patterns: posix_fadvise()
13.6 Bypassing the Buffer Cache: Direct I/O
13.7 Mixing Library Functions and System Calls for File I/O
13.8 Summary
13.9 Exercises

14 File Systems [~30 pages]
14.1 Device Special Files (Devices)
14.2 Disks and Partitions
14.3 File Systems
14.4 I-nodes
14.5 The Virtual File System (VFS)
14.6 Journaling File Systems
14.7 Single Directory Hierarchy and Mount Points
14.8 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems
        14.8.1 Mounting a File System: mount()
        14.8.2 Unmounting a File System: umount() and umount2()
14.9 Advanced Mount Features
        14.9.1 Mounting a File System at Multiple Mount Points
        14.9.2 Stacking Multiple Mounts on the Same Mount Point
        14.9.3 Mount Flags That Are Per-mount Options
        14.9.4 Bind Mounts
        14.9.5 Recursive Bind Mounts
14.10 A Virtual Memory File System: tmpfs
14.11 Obtaining Information about a File System: statvfs()
14.12 Summary
14.13 Exercises

15 File Attributes [~30 pages]
15.1 Retrieving File Information: stat()
15.2 File Timestamps
        15.2.1 Changing File Timestamps with utime() and utimes()
        15.2.2 Changing File Timestamps with utimensat() and futimens()
15.3 File Ownership
        15.3.1 Ownership of New Files
        15.3.2 Changing File Ownership: chown(), fchown(), and lchown()
15.4 File Permissions
        15.4.1 Permissions on Regular Files
        15.4.2 Permissions on Directories
        15.4.3 Permission Checking Algorithm
        15.4.4 Checking File Accessibility: access()
        15.4.5 Set-user-ID, Set-group-ID, and Sticky Bits
        15.4.6 The Process File Mode Creation Mask: umask()
        15.4.7 Changing File Permissions: chmod() and fchmod()
15.5 I-node Flags (ext2 Extended File Attributes)
15.6 Summary
15.7 Exercises

16 Extended Attributes [~8 pages]
16.1 Overview
16.2 Extended Attribute Implementation Details
16.3 System Calls for Manipulating Extended Attributes
16.4 Summary
16.5 Exercises

17 Access Control Lists [~20 pages]
17.1 Overview
17.2 ACL Permission-Checking Algorithm
17.3 Long and Short Text Forms for ACLs
17.4 The ACL_MASK Entry and the ACL Group Class
17.5 The getfacl and setfacl Commands
17.6 Default ACLs and File Creation
17.7 ACL Implementation Limits
17.8 The ACL API
17.9 Summary
17.10 Exercises

18 Directories and Links [~35 pages]
18.1 Directories and (Hard) Links
18.2 Symbolic (Soft) Links
18.3 Creating and Removing (Hard) Links: link() and unlink()
18.4 Changing the Name of a File: rename()
18.5 Working with Symbolic Links: symlink() and readlink()
18.6 Creating and Removing Directories: mkdir() and rmdir()
18.7 Removing a File or Directory: remove()
18.8 Reading Directories: opendir() and readdir()
18.9 File Tree Walking: nftw()
18.10 The Current Working Directory of a Process
18.11 Operating Relative to a Directory File Descriptor
18.12 Changing the Root Directory of a Process: chroot()
18.13 Resolving a Pathname: realpath()
18.14 Parsing Pathname Strings: dirname() and basename()
18.15 Summary
18.16 Exercises

19 Monitoring File Events [~12 pages]
19.1 Overview
19.2 The inotify API
19.3 inotify Events
19.4 Reading inotify Events
19.5 Queue Limits and /proc Files
19.6 An Older System for Monitoring File Events: dnotify
19.7 Summary
19.8 Exercises

20 Signals: Fundamental Concepts [~30 pages]
20.1 Concepts and Overview
20.2 Signal Types and Default Actions
20.3 Changing Signal Dispositions: signal()
20.4 Introduction to Signal Handlers
20.5 Sending Signals: kill()
20.6 Checking for the Existence of a Process
20.7 Other Ways of Sending Signals: raise() and killpg()
20.8 Displaying Signal Descriptions
20.9 Signal Sets
20.10 The Signal Mask (Blocking Signal Delivery)
20.11 Pending Signals
20.12 Signals Are Not Queued
20.13 Changing Signal Dispositions: sigaction()
20.14 Waiting for a Signal: pause()
20.15 Summary
20.16 Exercises

21 Signals: Signal Handlers [~25 pages]
21.1 Designing Signal Handlers
        21.1.1 Signals Are Not Queued (Revisited)
        21.1.2 Reentrant and Async-signal-safe Functions
        21.1.3 Global Variables and the sig_atomic_t Data Type
21.2 Other Methods of Terminating a Signal Handler
        21.2.1 Performing a Nonlocal Goto from a Signal Handler
        21.2.2 Terminating a Process Abnormally: abort()
21.3 Handling a Signal on an Alternate Stack: sigaltstack()
21.4 The SA_SIGINFO Flag
21.5 Interruption and Restarting of System Calls
21.6 Summary
21.7 Exercises

22 Signals: Advanced Features [~30 pages]
22.1 Core Dump Files
22.2 Special Cases for Signal Delivery, Disposition, and Handling
22.3 Interruptible and Uninterruptible Process Sleep States
22.4 Hardware-generated Signals
22.5 Synchronous and Asynchronous Signal Generation
22.6 Timing and Order of Signal Delivery
22.7 Implementation and Portability of signal()
22.8 Realtime Signals
        22.8.1 Sending Realtime Signals
        22.8.2 Handling Realtime Signals
22.9 Waiting for a Signal Using a Mask: sigsuspend()
22.10 Synchronously Waiting for a Signal
22.11 Fetching Signals via a File Descriptor
22.12 Interprocess Communication with Signals
22.13 Earlier Signal APIs (System V and BSD)
22.14 Summary
22.15 Exercises

23 Timers and Sleeping [~30 pages]
23.1 Interval Timers
23.2 Scheduling and Accuracy of Timers
23.3 Setting Timeouts on Blocking Operations
23.4 Suspending Execution for a Fixed Interval (Sleeping)
        23.4.1 Low-resolution Sleeping: sleep()
        23.4.2 High-resolution Sleeping: nanosleep()
23.5 POSIX Clocks
        23.5.1 Retrieving the Value of a Clock: clock_gettime()
        23.5.2 Setting the Value of a Clock: clock_settime()
        23.5.3 Obtaining the Clock ID of a Specific Process or Thread
        23.5.4 Improved High-resolution Sleeping: clock_nanosleep()
23.6 POSIX Interval Timers
        23.6.1 Creating a Timer: timer_create()
        23.6.2 Arming and Disarming a Timer: timer_settime()
        23.6.3 Retrieving the Current Value of a Timer: timer_gettime()
        23.6.4 Deleting a Timer: timer_delete()
        23.6.5 Notification via a Signal (SIGEV_SIGNAL)
        23.6.6 Timer Overruns
        23.6.7 Notification via a Thread (SIGEV_THREAD)
23.7 Timers That Notify via File Descriptors: the timerfd API
23.8 Summary
23.9 Exercises

24 Process Creation [~20 pages]
24.1 Overview of fork(), exit(), wait(), and execve()
24.2 Creating a New Process: fork()
        24.2.1 File Sharing Between Parent and Child
        24.2.2 Memory Semantics of fork()
24.3 The vfork() System Call
24.4 Race Conditions after fork()
24.5 Avoiding Race Conditions by Synchronizing with Signals
24.6 Summary

25 Process Termination [~10 pages]
25.1 Terminating a Process: _exit() and exit()
25.2 Details of Process Termination
25.3 Exit Handlers
25.4 Interactions Between fork(), stdio Buffers, and _exit()
25.5 Summary
25.6 Exercises

26 Monitoring Child Processes [~20 pages]
26.1 Waiting on a Child Process
        26.1.1 The wait() System Call
        26.1.2 The waitpid() System Call
        26.1.3 The Wait Status Value
        26.1.4 Process Termination from a Signal Handler
        26.1.5 The waitid() System Call
        26.1.6 The wait3() and wait4() System Calls
26.2 Orphans and Zombies
26.3 The SIGCHLD Signal
        26.3.1 Establishing a Handler for SIGCHLD
        26.3.2 Delivery of SIGCHLD for Stopped Children
        26.3.3 Ignoring Dead Child Processes
26.4 Summary
26.5 Exercises

27 Program Execution [~20 pages]
27.1 Executing a New Program: execve()
27.2 The exec() Library Functions
        27.2.1 The PATH Environment Variable
        27.2.2 Specifying Program Arguments As a List
        27.2.3 Passing the Caller's Environment to the New Program
        27.2.4 Executing a File Referred to by a Descriptor: fexecve()
27.3 Interpreter Scripts
27.4 File Descriptors and exec()
27.5 Signals and exec()
27.6 Executing a Shell Command: system()
27.7 Implementing system()
27.8 Summary
27.9 Exercises

28 Process Creation and Program Execution in More Detail [~25 pages]
28.1 Process Accounting
28.2 The clone() System Call
        28.2.1 The clone() flags Argument
        28.2.2 Extensions to waitpid() for Cloned Children
28.3 Speed of Process Creation
28.4 Effect of exec() and fork() on Process Attributes
28.5 Summary
28.6 Exercises

29 Threads: Introduction [~15 pages]
29.1 Overview
29.2 Background Details of the Pthreads API
29.3 Thread Creation
29.4 Thread Termination
29.5 Thread IDs
29.6 Joining with a Terminated Thread: pthread_join()
29.7 Detaching a Thread: pthread_detach()
29.8 Thread Attributes
29.9 Threads Versus Processes
29.10 Summary
29.11 Exercises


30 Threads: Thread Synchronization [~25 pages]
30.1 Protecting Accesses to Shared Variables: Mutexes
        30.1.1 Statically Allocated Mutexes
        30.1.2 Locking and Unlocking a Mutex
        30.1.3 Performance of Mutexes
        30.1.4 Mutex Deadlocks
        30.1.5 Dynamically Initializing a Mutex
        30.1.6 Mutex Attributes
        30.1.7 Mutex Types
30.2 Signaling Changes of State: Condition Variables
        30.2.1 Statically Allocated Condition Variables
        30.2.2 Signaling and Waiting on Condition Variables
        30.2.3 Testing a Condition Variable’s Predicate
        30.2.4 Example Program: Joining Any Terminated Thread
        30.2.5 Dynamically Allocated Condition Variables
30.3 Summary
30.4 Exercises

31 Threads: Thread Safety and Per-thread Storage [~15 pages]
31.1 Thread Safety (and Reentrancy Revisited)
31.2 One-time Initialization
31.3 Thread-specific Data
        31.3.1 Thread-specific Data from the Library Function’s Perspective
        31.3.2 Overview of the Thread-specific Data API
        31.3.3 Details of the Thread-specific Data API
        31.3.4 Employing the Thread-specific Data API
        31.3.5 Thread-specific Data Implementation Limits
31.4 Thread-local Storage
31.5 Summary
31.6 Exercises

32 Threads: Thread Cancellation [~10 pages]
32.1 Canceling a Thread
32.2 Cancellation State and Type
32.3 Cancellation Points
32.4 Testing for Thread Cancellation
32.5 Cleanup Handlers
32.6 Asynchronous Cancelability
32.7 Summary
32.8 Exercises

33 Threads: Further Details [~15 pages]
33.1 Thread Stacks
33.2 Threads and Signals
        33.2.1 How the UNIX Signal Model Maps to Threads
        33.2.2 Manipulating the Thread Signal Mask
        33.2.3 Sending a Signal to a Thread
        33.2.4 Dealing with Asynchronous Signals Sanely
33.3 Threads and Process Control
33.4 Thread Implementation Models
33.5 Linux Implementations of POSIX Threads
        33.5.1 LinuxThreads
        33.5.2 NPTL
        33.5.3 Which Threading Implementation?
33.6 Advanced Features of the Pthreads API
33.7 Summary
33.8 Exercises

34 Process Groups, Sessions, and Job Control [~35 pages]
34.1 Overview
34.2 Process Groups
34.3 Sessions
34.4 Controlling Terminals and Controlling Processes
34.5 Foreground and Background Process Groups
34.6 The SIGHUP Signal
        34.6.1 Handling of SIGHUP by the Shell
        34.6.2 SIGHUP and Termination of the Controlling Process
34.7 Job Control
        34.7.1 Using Job Control within the Shell
        34.7.2 Implementing Job Control
        34.7.3 Handling Job-control Signals
        34.7.4 Orphaned Process Groups (and SIGHUP Revisited)
34.8 Summary
34.9 Exercises

35 Process Priorities and Scheduling [~20 pages]
35.1 Process Priorities (Nice Values)
35.2 Overview of Realtime Process Scheduling
        35.2.1 The SCHED_RR Policy
        35.2.2 The SCHED_FIFO Policy
        35.2.3 The SCHED_BATCH and SCHED_IDLE Policies
35.3 Realtime Process Scheduling API
        35.3.1 Realtime Priority Ranges
        35.3.2 Modifying and Retrieving Policies and Priorities
        35.3.3 Relinquishing the CPU
        35.3.4 The SCHED_RR Time Slice
35.4 CPU Affinity
35.5 Summary
35.6 Exercises

36 Process Resources [~15 pages]
36.1 Process Resource Usage: getrusage()
36.2 Process Resource Limits: getrlimit() and setrlimit()
36.3 Details of Specific Resource Limits
36.4 Summary
36.5 Exercises

37 Daemons [~15 pages]
37.1 Overview
37.2 Creating a Daemon
37.3 Guidelines for Writing Daemons
37.4 Using SIGHUP to Reinitialize a Daemon
37.5 Logging Messages and Errors Using syslog
        37.5.1 Overview
        37.5.2 The syslog API
        37.5.3 The /etc/syslog.conf File
37.6 Summary
37.7 Exercises

38 Writing Secure Privileged Programs [~15 pages]
38.1 Is a Set-user-ID or Set-group-ID Program Required?
38.2 Operate with Least Privilege
38.3 Be Careful when Executing a Program
38.4 Avoid Exposing Sensitive Information
38.5 Confine the Process
38.6 Beware of Signals and Race Conditions
38.7 Pitfalls when Performing File Operations and File I/O
38.8 Don’t Trust Inputs or the Environment
38.9 Beware of Buffer Overruns
38.10 Beware of Denial-of-service Attacks
38.11 Check for Failures; Fail Safely
38.12 Summary
38.13 Exercises

39 Capabilities [~20 pages]
39.1 Rationale for Capabilities
39.2 The Linux Capabilities
39.3 Process and File Capabilities
        39.3.1 Process Capabilities
        39.3.2 File Capabilities
        39.3.3 Purpose of the Process Permitted and Effective Capability Sets
        39.3.4 Purpose of the File Permitted and Effective Capability Sets
        39.3.5 Purpose of the Process and File Inheritable Sets
        39.3.6 Assigning and Viewing File Capabilities from the Shell
39.4 The Modern Capabilities Implementation
39.5 Transformation of Process Capabilities during exec()
        39.5.1 Capability Bounding Set
        39.5.2 Preserving root Semantics
39.6 Effect on Process Capabilities of Changing User IDs
39.7 Changing Process Capabilities Programmatically
39.8 Creating Capabilities-only Environments
39.9 Discovering the Capabilities Required by a Program
39.10 Older Kernels and Systems without File Capabilities
39.11 Summary
39.12 Exercises

40 Login Accounting [~15 pages]
40.1 Overview of the utmp and wtmp Files
40.2 The utmpx API
40.3 The utmpx Structure
40.4 Retrieving Information from the utmp and wtmp Files
40.5 Retrieving the Login Name: getlogin()
40.6 Updating the utmp and wtmp Files for a Login Session
40.7 The lastlog File
40.8 Summary
40.9 Exercises

41 Fundamentals of Shared Libraries [~25 pages]
41.1 Object Libraries
41.2 Static Libraries
41.3 Overview of Shared Libraries
41.4 Creating and Using Shared Libraries--A First Pass
        41.4.1 Creating a Shared Library
        41.4.2 Position-independent Code
        41.4.3 Using a Shared Library
        41.4.4 The Shared Library Soname
41.5 Useful Tools for Working with Shared Libraries
41.6 Shared Library Versions and Naming Conventions
41.7 Installing Shared Libraries
41.8 Compatible Versus Incompatible Libraries
41.9 Upgrading Shared Libraries
41.10 Specifying Library Search Directories in an Object File
41.11 Finding Shared Libraries at Run Time
41.12 Run-time Symbol Resolution
41.13 Using a Static Library Instead of a Shared Library
41.14 Summary
41.15 Exercises

42 Advanced Features of Shared Libraries [~20 pages]
42.1 Dynamically Loaded Libraries
        42.1.1 Opening a Shared Library
        42.1.2 Diagnosing Errors from the dlopen API
        42.1.3 Obtaining the Address of a Symbol: dlsym()
        42.1.4 Closing a Shared Library: dlclose()
        42.1.5 Obtaining Information about Loaded Symbols: dladdr()
        42.1.6 Accessing Symbols in the Main Program
42.2 Controlling Symbol Visibility
42.3 Linker Version Scripts
        42.3.1 Controlling Symbol Visibility with Version Scripts
        42.3.2 Symbol Versioning
42.4 Initialization and Finalization Functions
42.5 Preloading Shared Libraries
42.6 Monitoring the Dynamic Linker: LD_DEBUG
42.7 Summary
42.8 Exercises

43 Interprocess Communication Overview [~12 pages]
43.1 A Taxonomy of IPC Facilities
43.2 Communication Facilities
43.3 Synchronization Facilities
43.4 Comparing IPC Facilities
43.5 Summary
43.6 Exercises

44 Pipes and FIFOs [~35 pages]
44.1 Overview
44.2 Creating and Using Pipes
44.3 Pipes As a Method of Process Synchronization
44.4 Using Pipes to Connect Filters
44.5 Talking to a Shell Command via a Pipe: popen() and pclose()
44.6 Pipes and stdio Buffering
44.7 FIFOs
44.8 A Client-server Application Using FIFOs
44.9 Nonblocking I/O
44.10 Semantics of read() and write() on Pipes and FIFOs
44.11 Summary
44.12 Exercises

45 Introduction to System V IPC [~15 pages]
45.1 API Overview
45.2 IPC Keys
45.3 Associated Data Structure and Object Permissions
45.4 IPC Identifiers and Client-server Applications
45.5 Algorithm Employed by System V IPC get Calls
45.6 The ipcs and ipcrm Commands
45.7 Obtaining a List of All IPC Objects
45.8 IPC Limits
45.9 Summary
45.10 Exercises

46 System V Message Queues [~25 pages]
46.1 Creating or Opening a Message Queue: msgget()
46.2 Exchanging Messages
        46.2.1 Sending Messages: msgsnd()
        46.2.2 Receiving Messages: msgrcv()
46.3 Message Queue Control Operations: msgctl()
46.4 Message Queue Associated Data Structure
46.5 Message Queue Limits
46.6 Displaying All Message Queues on the System
46.7 Client-server Programming with Message Queues
46.8 A File-server Application Using Message Queues
46.9 Disadvantages of System V Message Queues
46.10 Summary
46.11 Exercises

47 System V Semaphores [~30 pages]
47.1 Overview
47.2 Creating or Opening a Semaphore Set: semget()
47.3 Semaphore Control Operations: semctl()
47.4 Semaphore Associated Data Structure
47.5 Semaphore Initialization
47.6 Semaphore Operations: semop()
47.7 Handling of Multiple Blocked Semaphore Operations
47.8 Semaphore Undo Values
47.9 Implementing a Binary Semaphores Protocol
47.10 Semaphore Limits
47.11 Disadvantages of System V Semaphores
47.12 Summary
47.13 Exercises

48 System V Shared Memory [~20 pages]
48.1 Overview
48.2 Creating or Opening a Shared Memory Segment: shmget()
48.3 Using Shared Memory: shmat() and shmdt()
48.4 Example: Transferring Data Via Shared Memory
48.5 Location of Shared Memory Segments in Virtual Memory
48.6 Storing Pointers in Shared Memory
48.7 Shared Memory Control Operations: shmctl()
48.8 Shared Memory Associated Data Structure
48.9 Shared Memory Limits
48.10 Summary
48.11 Exercises

49 Memory Mappings [~30 pages]
49.1 Overview
49.2 Creating a Mapping: mmap()
49.3 Unmapping a Mapped Region: munmap()
49.4 File Mappings
      49.4.1 Private (MAP_PRIVATE) File Mappings
      49.4.2 Shared (MAP_SHARED) File Mappings
      49.4.3 Boundary Cases
      49.4.4 Memory Protection and File Access Mode Interactions
49.5 Synchronizing a Mapped Region: msync()
49.6 Additional mmap() Flags
49.7 Anonymous Mappings
49.8 Remapping a Mapped Region: mremap()
49.9 The MAP_NORESERVE Flag and Swap Space Overcommitting
49.10 The MAP_FIXED Flag
49.11 Nonlinear Mappings: remap_file_pages()
49.12 Summary
49.13 Exercises

50 Virtual Memory Operations [~12 pages]
50.1 Changing Memory Protection: mprotect()
50.2 Memory Locking: mlock() and mlockall()
50.3 Determining Memory Residence: mincore()
50.4 Advising Future Memory Usage Patterns: madvise()
50.5 Summary
50.6 Exercises

51 Introduction to POSIX IPC [~6 pages]
51.1 API Overview
51.2 Comparison of System V IPC and POSIX IPC
51.3 Summary

52 POSIX Message Queues [~25 pages]
52.1 Overview
52.2 Opening, Closing, and Unlinking a Message Queue
52.3 Relationship between Descriptors and Message Queues
52.4 Message Queue Attributes
52.5 Exchanging Messages
        52.5.1 Sending Messages: mq_send()
        52.5.2 Receiving Messages: mq_receive()
        52.5.3 Sending and Receiving Messages with a Timeout
52.6 Message Notification
        52.6.1 Receiving Notification Using a Signal (SIGEV_SIGNAL)
        52.6.2 Receiving Notification Using a Thread (SIGEV_THREAD)
52.7 Linux-specific Features
52.8 Message Queue Limits
52.9 Comparison of POSIX and System V Message Queues
52.10 Summary
52.11 Exercises

53 POSIX Semaphores [~18 pages]
53.1 Overview
53.2 Named Semaphores
        53.2.1 Opening a Named Semaphore
        53.2.2 Closing a Semaphore
        53.2.3 Removing a Named Semaphore
53.3 Semaphore Operations
        53.3.1 Waiting on a Semaphore
        53.3.2 Posting a Semaphore
        53.3.3 Retrieving the Current Value of a Semaphore
53.4 Unnamed Semaphores
        53.4.1 Initializing an Unnamed Semaphore
        53.4.2 Destroying an Unnamed Semaphore
53.5 Comparisons with Other Synchronization Techniques
53.6 Semaphore Limits
53.7 Summary
53.8 Exercises

54 POSIX Shared Memory [~10 pages]
54.1 Overview
54.2 Creating Shared Memory Objects: shm_open()
54.3 Using Shared Memory Objects
54.4 Removing Shared Memory Objects: shm_unlink()
54.5 Comparisons between Shared Memory APIs
54.6 Summary
54.7 Exercises

55 File Locking [~35 pages]
55.1 Overview
55.2 File Locking with flock()
        55.2.1 Semantics of Lock Inheritance and Release
        55.2.2 Limitations of flock()
55.3 Record Locking with fcntl()
        55.3.1 Deadlock
        55.3.2 Example: An Interactive Locking Program
        55.3.3 Example: A Library of Locking Functions
        55.3.4 Lock Limits and Performance
        55.3.5 Semantics of Lock Inheritance and Release
        55.3.6 Lock Starvation and Priority of Queued Lock Requests
55.4 Mandatory Locking
55.5 The /proc/locks File
55.6 Running Just One Instance of a Program
55.7 Older Locking Techniques
55.8 Summary
55.9 Exercises

56 Sockets: Introduction [~15 pages]
56.1 Overview
56.2 Creating a Socket: socket()
56.3 Binding a Socket to an Address: bind()
56.4 Generic Socket Address Structures: struct sockaddr
56.5 Stream Sockets
        56.5.1 Listening for Incoming Connections: listen()
        56.5.2 Accepting a Connection: accept()
        56.5.3 Connecting to a Peer Socket: connect()
        56.5.4 I/O on Stream Sockets
        56.5.5 Connection Termination: close()
56.6 Datagram Sockets
        56.6.1 Exchanging Datagrams: recvfrom() and sendto()
        56.6.2 Using connect() with Datagram Sockets
56.7 Summary

57 Sockets: UNIX Domain [~15 pages]
57.1 UNIX Domain Socket Addresses: struct sockaddr_un
57.2 Stream Sockets in the UNIX Domain
57.3 Datagram Sockets in the UNIX Domain
57.4 UNIX Domain Socket Permissions
57.5 Creating a Connected Socket Pair: socketpair()
57.6 The Linux Abstract Socket Namespace
57.7 Summary
57.8 Exercises

58 Sockets: Fundamentals of TCP/IP Networks [~15 pages]
58.1 Internets
58.2 Networking Protocols and Layers
58.3 The Data-link Layer
58.4 The Network Layer: IP
58.5 IP Addresses
58.6 The Transport Layer
        58.6.1 Port Numbers
        58.6.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
        58.6.3 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
58.7 Requests for Comments (RFCs)
58.8 Summary

59 Sockets: Internet Domains [~40 pages]
59.1 Internet Domain Sockets
59.2 Network Byte Order
59.3 Data Representation
59.4 Internet Socket Addresses
59.5 Overview of Host and Service Conversion Functions
59.6 IPv6 and IPv4 Address Conversion: inet_pton() and inet_ntop()
59.7 Client-server Example (Datagram Sockets)
59.8 Domain Name System (DNS)
59.9 The /etc/services File
59.10 Protocol-independent Host and Service Conversion
        59.10.1 The getaddrinfo() Function
        59.10.2 Freeing addrinfo Lists: freeaddrinfo()
        59.10.3 Diagnosing Errors: gai_strerror()
        59.10.4 The getnameinfo() Function
59.11 Client-server Example (Stream Sockets)
59.12 An Internet Domain Sockets Library
59.13 Obsolete APIs for Host, Service, and Address Conversion
        59.13.1 The inet_aton() and inet_ntoa() Functions
        59.13.2 The gethostbyname() and gethostbyaddr() Functions
        59.13.3 The getservbyname() and getservbyport() Functions
59.14 UNIX Versus Internet Domain Sockets
59.15 Further Information
59.16 Summary
59.17 Exercises

60 Sockets: Server Design [~15 pages]
60.1 Iterative and Concurrent Servers
60.2 An Iterative UDP echo Server
60.3 A Concurrent TCP echo Server
60.4 Other Concurrent Server Designs
60.5 The inetd (Internet Superserver) Daemon
60.6 Summary
60.7 Exercises

61 Sockets: Advanced Topics [~40 pages]
61.1 Partial Reads and Writes on Stream Sockets
61.2 The shutdown() system call
61.3 Socket-specific I/O System Calls: recv() and send()
61.4 The sendfile() System Call
61.5 Retrieving Socket Addresses: getsockname() and getpeername()
61.6 A Closer Look at TCP
        61.6.1 Format of a TCP Segment
        61.6.2 TCP Sequence Numbers and Acknowledgements
        61.6.3 TCP State Machine and State Transition Diagram
        61.6.4 TCP Connection Establishment
        61.6.5 TCP Connection Termination
        61.6.6 Calling shutdown() on a TCP Socket
        61.6.7 The TIME_WAIT State
61.7 Monitoring Sockets: netstat
61.8 Using tcpdump to Monitor TCP Traffic
61.9 Socket Options: setsockopt() and getsockopt()
61.10 The SO_REUSEADDR Socket Option
61.11 Inheritance of File Flags and Socket Options across accept()
61.12 TCP Versus UDP
61.13 Advanced Features
        61.13.1 Out-of-band Data
        61.13.2 The sendmsg() and recvmsg() System Calls
        61.13.3 Passing File Descriptors
        61.13.4 Receiving Sender Credentials
        61.13.5 Sequenced-packet Sockets
        61.13.6 SCTP and DCCP Transport-layer Protocols
61.14 Summary
61.15 Exercises

62 Terminals [~35 pages]
62.1 Overview
62.2 Retrieving and Modifying Terminal Attributes
62.3 The stty Command
62.4 Terminal Special Characters
62.5 Terminal Flags
62.6 Terminal I/O Modes
        62.6.1 Canonical Mode
        62.6.2 Noncanonical Mode
        62.6.3 Cooked, Cbreak, and Raw Modes
62.7 Terminal Line Speed (Bit Rate)
62.8 Terminal Line Control
62.9 Terminal Window Size
62.10 Terminal Identification
62.11 Summary
62.12 Exercises

63 Alternative I/O Models [~50 pages]
63.1 Overview
        63.1.1 Level-triggered and Edge-triggered Notification
        63.1.2 Employing Nonblocking I/O with Alternative I/O Models
63.2 I/O Multiplexing
        63.2.1 The select() System Call
        63.2.2 The poll() System Call
        63.2.3 When Is a File Descriptor Ready?
        63.2.4 Comparison of select() and poll()
        63.2.5 Problems with select() and poll()
63.3 Signal-driven I/O
        63.3.1 When Is "I/O Possible" Signaled?
        63.3.2 Refining the Use of Signal-driven I/O
63.4 The epoll API
        63.4.1 Creating an epoll Instance: epoll_create()
        63.4.2 Modifying the epoll Interest List: epoll_ctl()
        63.4.3 Waiting for Events: epoll_wait()
        63.4.4 A Closer Look at epoll Semantics
        63.4.5 Performance of epoll Versus I/O Multiplexing
        63.4.6 Edge-triggered Notification
63.5 Waiting on Signals and File Descriptors
        63.5.1 The pselect() System Call
        63.5.2 The Self-pipe Trick
63.6 Summary
63.7 Exercises

64 Pseudoterminals [~25 pages]
64.1 Overview
64.2 UNIX 98 Pseudoterminals
64.2.1 Opening an Unused Master: posix_openpt()
64.2.2 Changing Slave Ownership and Permissions: grantpt()
64.2.3 Unlocking the Slave: unlockpt()
64.2.4 Obtaining the Name of the Slave: ptsname()
64.3 Opening a Pseudoterminal Master: ptyMasterOpen()
64.4 Connecting Two Processes with a Pseudoterminal: ptyFork()
64.5 Pseudoterminal I/O
64.6 Implementing script(1)
64.7 Terminal Attributes and Window Size
64.8 BSD Pseudoterminals
64.9 Summary
64.10 Exercises

Appendix A: Tracing System Calls [~3 pages]

Appendix B: Parsing Command-line Options [~6 pages]

Appendix C: Casting the NULL Pointer [~3 pages]

Appendix D: Kernel Configuration [~2 pages]

Appendix E: Further Sources of Information [~7 pages]

Appendix F: Solutions to Selected Exercises

Bibliography [~10 pages]

Index [50+ pages]