Copyediting is quite a bit more work than I expected! But, we've now passed halfway: Chapters 1 to 33 form the first four of eight logical parts of my book (see
this earlier post). So, this is a good point to post the detailed table of contents so far. Here's the current table of contents for these chapters.
1 History and Standards [~20 pages]
1.1 A Brief History of Unix and C
1.2 A Brief History of Linux
1.2.1 The GNU Project
1.2.2 The Linux Kernel
1.3 Standardization
1.3.1 The C Programming Language
1.3.2 The First POSIX Standards
1.3.3 X/Open Company and The Open Group
1.3.4 SUSv3 and POSIX.1-2001
1.3.5 SUSv4 and POSIX.1-2008
1.3.6 Unix Standards Timeline
1.3.7 Implementation Standards
1.3.8 Linux, Standards, and the Linux Standard Base
1.4 Summary
2 Fundamental Concepts [~20 pages]
2.1 The Core Operating System: The Kernel
2.2 The Shell
2.3 Users and Groups
2.4 Single Directory Hierarchy, Directories, Links, and Files
2.5 File I/O Model
2.6 Programs
2.7 Processes
2.8 Memory Mappings
2.9 Static and Shared Libraries
2.10 Interprocess Communication and Synchronization
2.11 Signals
2.12 Threads
2.13 Process Groups and Shell Job Control
2.14 Sessions, Controlling Terminals, and Controlling Processes
2.15 Pseudoterminals
2.16 Date and Time
2.17 Client-server Architecture
2.18 Realtime
2.19 The
/proc File System
2.20 Summary
3 System Programming Concepts [~25 pages]
3.1 System Calls
3.2 Library Functions
3.3 The Standard C Library; The GNU C Library (
glibc)
3.4 Handling Errors from System Calls and Library Functions
3.5 Notes on the Example Programs in This Book
3.5.1 Command-line Options and Arguments
3.5.2 Common Functions and Header Files
3.6 Portability Issues
3.6.1 Feature Test Macros
3.6.2 System Data Types
3.6.3 Miscellaneous Portability Issues
3.7 Summary
3.8 Exercises
4 File I/O: The Universal I/O Model [~20 pages]
4.1 Overview
4.2 Universality of I/O
4.3 Opening a File:
open()4.4 Reading from a File:
read()4.5 Writing to a File:
write()4.6 Closing a File:
close()4.7 Changing the Current File Offset:
lseek()4.8 Operations Outside the Universal I/O Model:
ioctl()4.9 Summary
4.10 Exercises
5 File I/O: Further Details [~25 pages]
5.1 Atomicity and Race Conditions
5.2 File Control Operations:
fcntl()5.3 Open File Status Flags
5.4 Relationship Between File Descriptors and Open Files
5.5 Duplicating File Descriptors
5.6 File I/O at a Specified Offset:
pread() and
pwrite()5.7 Scatter-gather I/O:
readv() and
writev()5.8 Truncating a File:
truncate() and
ftruncate()5.9 Nonblocking I/O
5.10 I/O on Large Files
5.11 The
/dev/fd Directory
5.12 Creating Temporary Files
5.13 Summary
5.14 Exercises
6 Processes [~25 pages]
6.1 Processes and Programs
6.2 Process ID and Parent Process ID
6.3 Memory Layout of a Process
6.4 Virtual Memory Management
6.5 The Stack and Stack Frames
6.6 Command-line Arguments (
argc,
argv)
6.7 Environment List
6.8 Performing a Nonlocal Goto:
setjmp() and
longjmp()6.9 Summary
6.10 Exercises
7 Memory Allocation [~15 pages]
7.1 Allocating Memory on the Heap
7.1.1 Adjusting the Program Break:
brk() and
sbrk() 7.1.2 Allocating Memory on the Heap:
malloc() and
free() 7.1.3 Implementation of
malloc() and
free() 7.1.4 Other Methods of Allocating Memory on the Heap
7.2 Allocating Memory on the Stack:
alloca()7.3 Summary
7.4 Exercises
8 Users and Groups [~15 pages]
8.1 The Password File:
/etc/passwd8.2 The Shadow Password File:
/etc/shadow8.3 The Group File:
/etc/group8.4 Retrieving User and Group Information
8.5 Password Encryption and User Authentication
8.6 Summary
8.7 Exercises
9 Process Credentials [~20 pages]
9.1 Real User ID and Real Group ID
9.2 Effective User ID and Effective Group ID
9.3 Set-user-ID and Set-group-ID Programs
9.4 Saved Set-user-ID and Saved Set-group-ID
9.5 File System User ID and File System Group ID
9.6 Supplementary Group IDs
9.7 Retrieving and Modifying Process Credentials
9.7.1 Retrieving and Modifying Real, Effective, and Saved Set IDs
9.7.2 Retrieving and Modifying File System IDs
9.7.3 Retrieving and Modifying Supplementary Group IDs
9.7.4 Summary of Calls for Modifying Process Credentials
9.7.5 Example: Displaying Process Credentials
9.8 Summary
9.9 Exercises
10 Times and Dates [~25 pages]
10.1 Calendar Time
10.2 Time-Conversion Functions
10.2.1 Converting
time_t to Printable Form
10.2.2 Converting Between
time_t and Broken-down Time
10.2.3 Converting Between Broken-down Time and Printable Form
10.3 Timezones
10.4 Locales
10.5 Updating the System Clock
10.6 The Software Clock (Jiffies)
10.7 Process Time
10.8 Summary
10.9 Exercises
11 System Limits and Options [~10 pages]
11.1 System Limits
11.2 Retrieving System Limits (and Options) at Run Time
11.3 Retrieving File-related Limits (and Options) at Run Time
11.4 Indeterminate Limits
11.5 System Options
11.6 Summary
11.7 Exercises
12 System and Process Information [~10 pages]
12.1 The
/proc File System
12.1.1 Obtaining Information about a Process:
/proc/PID 12.1.2 System Information under
/proc 12.1.3 Accessing
/proc Files
12.2 System Identification:
uname()12.3 Summary
12.4 Exercises
13 File I/O Buffering [~20 pages]
13.1 Kernel Buffering of File I/O: The Buffer Cache
13.2 Buffering in the
stdio Library
13.3 Controlling Kernel Buffering of File I/O
13.4 Summary of I/O Buffering
13.5 Giving the Kernel Hints about I/O Patterns:
posix_fadvise()13.6 Bypassing the Buffer Cache: Direct I/O
13.7 Mixing Library Functions and System Calls for File I/O
13.8 Summary
13.9 Exercises
14 File Systems [~30 pages]
14.1 Device Special Files (Devices)
14.2 Disks and Partitions
14.3 File Systems
14.4 I-nodes
14.5 The Virtual File System (VFS)
14.6 Journaling File Systems
14.7 Single Directory Hierarchy and Mount Points
14.8 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems
14.8.1 Mounting a File System:
mount() 14.8.2 Unmounting a File System:
umount() and
umount2()14.9 Advanced Mount Features
14.9.1 Mounting a File System at Multiple Mount Points
14.9.2 Stacking Multiple Mounts on the Same Mount Point
14.9.3 Mount Flags That Are Per-mount Options
14.9.4 Bind Mounts
14.9.5 Recursive Bind Mounts
14.10 A Virtual Memory File System:
tmpfs14.11 Obtaining Information about a File System:
statvfs()14.12 Summary
14.13 Exercises
15 File Attributes [~30 pages]
15.1 Retrieving File Information:
stat()15.2 File Timestamps
15.2.1 Changing File Timestamps with
utime() and
utimes() 15.2.2 Changing File Timestamps with
utimensat() and
futimens()15.3 File Ownership
15.3.1 Ownership of New Files
15.3.2 Changing File Ownership:
chown(),
fchown(), and
lchown()15.4 File Permissions
15.4.1 Permissions on Regular Files
15.4.2 Permissions on Directories
15.4.3 Permission Checking Algorithm
15.4.4 Checking File Accessibility:
access() 15.4.5 Set-user-ID, Set-group-ID, and Sticky Bits
15.4.6 The Process File Mode Creation Mask:
umask() 15.4.7 Changing File Permissions:
chmod() and
fchmod()15.5 I-node Flags (
ext2 Extended File Attributes)
15.6 Summary
15.7 Exercises
16 Extended Attributes [~8 pages]
16.1 Overview
16.2 Extended Attribute Implementation Details
16.3 System Calls for Manipulating Extended Attributes
16.4 Summary
16.5 Exercises
17 Access Control Lists [~20 pages]
17.1 Overview
17.2 ACL Permission-Checking Algorithm
17.3 Long and Short Text Forms for ACLs
17.4 The ACL_MASK Entry and the ACL Group Class
17.5 The
getfacl and
setfacl Commands
17.6 Default ACLs and File Creation
17.7 ACL Implementation Limits
17.8 The ACL API
17.9 Summary
17.10 Exercises
18 Directories and Links [~35 pages]
18.1 Directories and (Hard) Links
18.2 Symbolic (Soft) Links
18.3 Creating and Removing (Hard) Links:
link() and
unlink()18.4 Changing the Name of a File:
rename()18.5 Working with Symbolic Links:
symlink() and
readlink()18.6 Creating and Removing Directories:
mkdir() and
rmdir()18.7 Removing a File or Directory:
remove()18.8 Reading Directories:
opendir() and
readdir()18.9 File Tree Walking:
nftw()18.10 The Current Working Directory of a Process
18.11 Operating Relative to a Directory File Descriptor
18.12 Changing the Root Directory of a Process:
chroot()18.13 Resolving a Pathname:
realpath()18.14 Parsing Pathname Strings:
dirname() and
basename()18.15 Summary
18.16 Exercises
19 Monitoring File Events [~12 pages]
19.1 Overview
19.2 The
inotify API
19.3
inotify Events
19.4 Reading
inotify Events
19.5 Queue Limits and
/proc Files
19.6 An Older System for Monitoring File Events:
dnotify19.7 Summary
19.8 Exercises
20 Signals: Fundamental Concepts [~30 pages]
20.1 Concepts and Overview
20.2 Signal Types and Default Actions
20.3 Changing Signal Dispositions:
signal()20.4 Introduction to Signal Handlers
20.5 Sending Signals:
kill()20.6 Checking for the Existence of a Process
20.7 Other Ways of Sending Signals:
raise() and
killpg()20.8 Displaying Signal Descriptions
20.9 Signal Sets
20.10 The Signal Mask (Blocking Signal Delivery)
20.11 Pending Signals
20.12 Signals Are Not Queued
20.13 Changing Signal Dispositions:
sigaction()20.14 Waiting for a Signal:
pause()20.15 Summary
20.16 Exercises
21 Signals: Signal Handlers [~25 pages]
21.1 Designing Signal Handlers
21.1.1 Signals Are Not Queued (Revisited)
21.1.2 Reentrant and Async-signal-safe Functions
21.1.3 Global Variables and the
sig_atomic_t Data Type
21.2 Other Methods of Terminating a Signal Handler
21.2.1 Performing a Nonlocal Goto from a Signal Handler
21.2.2 Terminating a Process Abnormally:
abort()21.3 Handling a Signal on an Alternate Stack:
sigaltstack()21.4 The
SA_SIGINFO Flag
21.5 Interruption and Restarting of System Calls
21.6 Summary
21.7 Exercises
22 Signals: Advanced Features [~30 pages]
22.1 Core Dump Files
22.2 Special Cases for Signal Delivery, Disposition, and Handling
22.3 Interruptible and Uninterruptible Process Sleep States
22.4 Hardware-generated Signals
22.5 Synchronous and Asynchronous Signal Generation
22.6 Timing and Order of Signal Delivery
22.7 Implementation and Portability of
signal()22.8 Realtime Signals
22.8.1 Sending Realtime Signals
22.8.2 Handling Realtime Signals
22.9 Waiting for a Signal Using a Mask:
sigsuspend()22.10 Synchronously Waiting for a Signal
22.11 Fetching Signals via a File Descriptor
22.12 Interprocess Communication with Signals
22.13 Earlier Signal APIs (System V and BSD)
22.14 Summary
22.15 Exercises
23 Timers and Sleeping [~30 pages]
23.1 Interval Timers
23.2 Scheduling and Accuracy of Timers
23.3 Setting Timeouts on Blocking Operations
23.4 Suspending Execution for a Fixed Interval (Sleeping)
23.4.1 Low-resolution Sleeping:
sleep() 23.4.2 High-resolution Sleeping:
nanosleep()23.5 POSIX Clocks
23.5.1 Retrieving the Value of a Clock:
timer_gettime() 23.5.2 Updating the Value of a Clock:
timer_gettime() 23.5.3 Obtaining the Clock ID of a Specific Process or Thread
23.5.4 Improved High-resolution Sleeping:
clock_nanosleep()23.6 POSIX Interval Timers
23.6.1 Creating a Timer:
timer_create() 23.6.2 Arming and Disarming a Timer:
timer_settime() 23.6.3 Retrieving the Current Value of a Timer:
timer_gettime() 23.6.4 Deleting a Timer:
timer_delete() 23.6.5 Notification via a Signal (
SIGEV_SIGNAL)
23.6.6 Timer Overruns
23.6.7 Notification via a Thread (
SIGEV_THREAD)
23.7 Timers That Notify via File Descriptors: the
timerfd API
23.8 Summary
23.9 Exercises
24 Process Creation [~20 pages]
24.1 Overview of
fork(),
exit(),
wait(), and
execve()24.2 Creating a New Process:
fork() 24.2.1 File Sharing Between Parent and Child
24.2.2 Memory Semantics of
fork()24.3 The
vfork() System Call
24.4 Race Conditions after
fork()24.5 Avoiding Race Conditions by Synchronizing with Signals
24.6 Summary
25 Process Termination [~10 pages]
25.1 Terminating a Process:
_exit() and
exit()25.2 Details of Process Termination
25.3 Exit Handlers
25.4 Interactions Between
fork(),
stdio Buffers, and
_exit()25.5 Summary
25.6 Exercises
26 Monitoring Child Processes [~20 pages]
26.1 Waiting on a Child Process
26.1.1 The
wait() System Call
26.1.2 The
waitpid() System Call
26.1.3 The Wait Status Value
26.1.4 Process Termination from a Signal Handler
26.1.5 The
waitid() System Call
26.1.6 The
wait3() and
wait4() System Calls
26.2 Orphans and Zombies
26.3 The
SIGCHLD Signal
26.3.1 Establishing a Handler for
SIGCHLD 26.3.2 Delivery of
SIGCHLD for Stopped Children
26.3.3 Ignoring Dead Child Processes
26.4 Summary
26.5 Exercises
27 Program Execution [~20 pages]
27.1 Executing a New Program:
execve()27.2 The
exec() Library Functions
27.2.1 The
PATH Environment Variable
27.2.2 Specifying Program Arguments As a List
27.2.3 Passing the Caller's Environment to the New Program
27.2.4 Executing a File Referred to by a Descriptor:
fexecve()27.3 Interpreter Scripts
27.4 File Descriptors and
exec()27.5 Signals and
exec()27.6 Executing a Shell Command:
system()27.7 Implementing
system()27.8 Summary
27.9 Exercises
28 Process Creation and Program Execution in More Detail [~25 pages]
28.1 Process Accounting
28.2 The
clone() System Call
28.2.1 The
clone() flags Argument
28.2.2 Extensions to
waitpid() for Cloned Children
28.3 Speed of Process Creation
28.4 Effect of
exec() and
fork() on Process Attributes
28.5 Summary
28.6 Exercises
29 Threads: Introduction [~15 pages]
29.1 Overview
29.2 Background Details of the
Pthreads API
29.3 Thread Creation
29.4 Thread Termination
29.5 Thread IDs
29.6 Joining with a Terminated Thread:
pthread_join()29.7 Detaching a Thread:
pthread_detach()29.8 Thread Attributes
29.9 Threads Versus Processes
29.10 Summary
29.11 Exercises
30 Threads: Thread Synchronization [~25 pages]
30.1 Protecting Accesses to Shared Variables: Mutexes
30.1.1 Statically Allocated Mutexes
30.1.2 Locking and Unlocking a Mutex
30.1.3 Performance of Mutexes
30.1.4 Mutex Deadlocks
30.1.5 Dynamically Initializing a Mutex
30.1.6 Mutex Attributes
30.1.7 Mutex Types
30.2 Signaling Changes of State: Condition Variables
30.2.1 Statically Allocated Condition Variables
30.2.2 Signaling and Waiting on Condition Variables
30.2.3 Testing a Condition Variable’s Predicate
30.2.4 Example Program: Joining Any Terminated Thread
30.2.5 Dynamically Allocated Condition Variables
30.3 Summary
30.4 Exercises
31 Threads: Thread Safety and Per-thread Storage [~15 pages]
31.1 Thread Safety (and Reentrancy Revisited)
31.2 One-time Initialization
31.3 Thread-specific Data
31.3.1 Thread-specific Data from the Library Function’s Perspective
31.3.2 Overview of the Thread-specific Data API
31.3.3 Details of the Thread-specific Data API
31.3.4 Employing the Thread-specific Data API
31.3.5 Thread-specific Data Implementation Limits
31.4 Thread-local Storage
31.5 Summary
31.6 Exercises
32 Threads: Thread Cancellation [~10 pages]
32.1 Canceling a Thread
32.2 Cancellation State and Type
32.3 Cancellation Points
32.4 Testing for Thread Cancellation
32.5 Cleanup Handlers
32.6 Asynchronous Cancelability
32.7 Summary
32.8 Exercises
33 Threads: Further Details [~15 pages]
33.1 Thread Stacks
33.2 Threads and Signals
33.2.1 How the Unix Signal Model Maps to Threads
33.2.2 Manipulating the Thread Signal Mask
33.2.3 Sending a Signal to a Thread
33.2.4 Dealing with Asynchronous Signals Sanely
33.3 Threads and Process Control
33.4 Thread Implementation Models
33.5 Linux Implementations of POSIX Threads
33.5.1 LinuxThreads
33.5.2 NPTL
33.5.3 Which Threading Implementation?
33.6 Advanced Features of the Pthreads API
33.7 Summary
33.8 Exercises
